The Mysterious Function List

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I’m always writing list comprehensions in Python. Once I tried to get a list of lambda functions using a list comprehension, and later I found that the functions are all the same - they were supposed to be different.

The case was very simple:

We would expect the i-th term in this list return a degree-i polynomial of the input, this is pretty intuitive. However, when tested, suprisingly -

They are supposed to return 1, 10 and 100. What happened?

This is actually something covered in the official document since Python 3.4:

Programming FAQ - Python 3.4.10 documentation

Yes. The pdb module is a simple but adequate console-mode debugger for Python. It is part of the standard Python library, and is . You can also write your own debugger by using the code for pdb as an example.

https://docs.python.org/3.4/faq/programming.html#why-do-lambdas-defined-in-a-loop-with-different-values-all-return-the-same-result

Apparently, the i variable here is defined outside the scope of the lambda functions. In another sense, all these lambda functions here are actually the same, but in diffenent addresses. When called, they all search for variable i in their outer scope, and return x**i. This means all of them will be referencing the last i in loop, no matter it’s a list comprehension or a for loop, a lambda function or a proper function.

The solution is also simple - use a default parameter. In this way the i’s will be recorded when initializing the function in its scope, and it will work as we wish.